arctic offshore drilling case study summary

Used by Microsoft Advertising as a unique ID for visitors. To ensure oil spills can be contained, innovation is needed in oil spill response. "By complaining," said campaigner Mia Chamberlain, "we might have a chance of stopping this catastrophic oil drilling". 2023 BBC. One is the immediate threat of an oil spill. How we clean up an oil spill is a very different issue to how we supply the energy demands of the future.

Read about our approach to external linking. Even in fairlytemperateclimates, bacteria take over and they clean up what we leave behind. The Workplace Safety Rule established performance-based standards for the workplace, including safety protocol, management practices, and environmental safeguards to address the safety culture onboard drilling rigs. How might these additional issues affect the decision to drill in the Arctic? Responsible for 2,727 or 75% of spills in Russias largest oil province Yugra in 2011 while extracting only 25% of the total regional output that year. Additionally, the impacts of hydrocarbon releases in the marine environment have been shown to cause detrimental impacts on reproductive health, immunological and neurological functioning, as well as higher incidences of mortality for marine wildlife.3)Huntington, H. (2009). This cookie is set by Facebook to display advertisements when either on Facebook or on a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising, after visiting the website. This peer-reviewed article by Knol and Arbo analyzes oil response systems in Norway, and looks at the Norwegian case from a pan-Arctic perspective. In the absence of this we need someone to act boldly as our eyes and ears: if not Greenpeace then who? Laboratory of Applied-Acoustics. But the market is sending mixed messages. Additionally, inspections of platforms actually declined by 13% from 2010 to 2011. This preview shows page 1 - 2 out of 2 pages. Estimates of crude oil reach as high as 29.96 billion barrels near Alaska compared to a total estimate of 89.98 billion barrels for the entire Arctic region as a whole. Oil Magazine, an energy industry quarterly, devoted the whole of its March 2013 issue to Arctic energy exploration. endstream endobj 227 0 obj <> endobj 228 0 obj <> endobj 229 0 obj <> endobj 230 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>> endobj 231 0 obj <> endobj 232 0 obj <> endobj 233 0 obj <> endobj 234 0 obj <> endobj 235 0 obj <> endobj 236 0 obj <> endobj 237 0 obj [/Indexed/DeviceRGB 255 256 0 R] endobj 238 0 obj <> endobj 239 0 obj <> endobj 240 0 obj <> endobj 241 0 obj <> endobj 242 0 obj <> endobj 243 0 obj <> endobj 244 0 obj <>stream Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Offshore oil drilling is a highly complex and technologically advanced industrial activity.

These are only a few examples of the damage that can be done due to an oil discharge. 1. https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/about-boem/BOEM-Regions/Alaska-Region/Leasing-and-Plans/Plans/2014-Shell-Chukchi-Sea/Appendix-E-Bird-Plan-Chukchi-Sea.pdf. The Arctic Institute is a 501(c)3 tax exempt nonprofit organisation with a network of researchers across the world. In August 2015. The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas are home to a diverse array of marine life, including salmon, herring, walrus, seals, whales, and waterfowl.5 Additionally, the Chukchi Sea is home to higher occurrences of benthic marine fauna relative to other Arctic habitats.6 Scientific understanding of these ecosys "The Arctic is the air conditioner and the refrigerator of the planet and what happens here affect all of us," says Kumi Naidoo in this interview with Bill Moyers. ", Nam says the impacts of climate change have led to inevitable interest from oil and gas companies as the retreating sea ice exposes large, untapped resources:"The trend, then is for climate change to make the region more accessible, bolstering the attraction to the Arctic's wealth of oil, gas, and mineral supplies. Washington DC: GAO. Why do you work in Indonesian rainforests? The activists argued that "by allowing new drilling in a climate crisis, Norway is in breach of fundamental human rights". As of mid-April 2012, French oil and gas firm Total was still struggling with a weeks-old gas leak off the coast of Scotland.11)Urquhart, F. (2012, April 19). Environmentalists argue that oil companies have not demonstrated the capability to clean up an oil spill in water obstructed by ice. WebThe global scale of offshore Arctic drilling makes the economic and political problems surrounding the issue difficult to solve. Cost of, 1. Even though the Department of Interior is taking the Arctic off the table for oil drilling for the next two years, its critically important that the region is closed to ALL new oil drilling forever. Today's resounding (and scary) scientific consensus is that an oil spill in the Arctic is inevitable if drilling progresses. WebCase Study: Artic Offshore Drilling. for oil drilling for the next two years, its critically important that the region is closed to ALL new oil drilling forever. Urquhart, F. (2012, April 19). What is special about the Leuser Ecosystem? WebMany proponents of offshore drilling argue that tapping into the vast amount of oil and gas reserves in the Arctic will help shore up national security interests for the United States, A modular framework is proposed to produce economic block models accommodating various levels of data. There are all sorts of special problems that arise with working in the Arctic, not least the exact impact of a crude spill in ice conditions. In the Arctic it's much much colder first of all, which means that the whole process takes much longer. Harry and Meghan to be questioned in civil case. Offshore oil and gas reserves, primarily along coastlines in Alaska, California, Louisiana, and Texas, account for a large proportion of the oil and gas supply in the United States. Drilling in new frontiers, such as the Arctic, presents additional risks that do not exist in warmer regions. And as with the Gulf of Mexico it'll probably be fumbling in the dark a bit, dealing with it as it happens.". These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. 226 0 obj <> endobj The nearest response stations to Arctic drilling sites are located thousands of miles away. This raises a question about whether the civil liberties case of the activists has obscured the environmental message. Arctic oil and gas exploration presents new and unique challenges to the oil industry. Read about our approach to external linking. Parliamentary green watchdog, the environmental audit committee, produced a report last year on the impact of climate change on the Arctic and the safety of oil and gas drilling in the region. But realpolitik and the market may well decide the future of the north, rather than a protest movement. Three Norwegian courts rejected their case, but the ECHR is taking it seriously and asked Norway's government to make its defence. According to Robert Bryce, senior fellow, cy Research, there are enormous amounts of recoverable energy, resources in the Arctic.

0000002599 00000 n It's being seen as a test case for how much of the area's natural resources can be exploited. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez spilled 11 million gallons of oil into Alaskas Prince William Sound. Provided by Google Tag Manager to experiment advertisement efficiency of websites using their services. (2011). To them the Arctic area is just another geological prospect to be looked at like any other. (2012). Russia's police action and the potential for draconian punishments (piracy carries a maximum sentence of 15 years in Russia) is"the most serious threat to Greenpeace's peaceful environmentalactivism" since thesinking of the Rainbow Warrior,according toGreenpeace executive director, Kumi Naidoo. Until these issues can be resolved, offshore oil drilling in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas should not move forward. 1. While scientific evidence suggests drilling will damage the marine environment, the full impacts are not well understood, which will be discussed further below. membership@ran.org. Topic: Drilling for Oil in the Arctic Offshore (Case Study Sample) Instructions: Read the following case study and respond to the question below. A Preliminary Assessment of Threats to Arctic Marine Mammals and Their Conservation in Coming Decades. There is currently a dispute over who owns a 1,070-mile long (1,721 km) chain of undersea mountains called the Lomonosov Ridge, which runs through the North Pole. Do you think there are unintended or undesirable consequences of framing Arctic drilling as an either-or issue, i.e. Deepwater Horizon: US Bans New Drilling in Gulf of Mexico. 133. He admits that the second alternative seems utopian. Greenpeace identifies two distinct threats posed by drilling inthe Arctic. On 26 April it replied, saying that Norway is already co-operating with international efforts to tackle climate change and is aiming to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050. WebThe Case Against Offshore Drilling in the Arctic. So we have a problem, the fact that we are putting our oil in the fridge and that keeps it in its natural state. More capable and bespoke solutions than available today are It currently lacks sufficient resources to drive innovation in oil spill response. Shorter days, harsh weather, presence of ice and lack of infrastructure are just some of the additional problems in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas that do not exist in the Gulf of Mexico. Fragile Arctic ice and tricky weather conditions make a spill in the region even more likely.

If there was a a fail-safe, we wouldn't have planes crashingHuman error and humans cutting corners means that accidents happen.

LinkedIn sets this cookie from LinkedIn share buttons and ad tags to recognize browser ID. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The people will continue to call on President Obama to protect the Arctic and our environment.. A Degraded Gulf of Mexico: Wildlife and Wetlands Two Years Into the Gulf Oil Disaster. (2012). NWF. Read our. Ultimately, fewer than half the leases offered were sold, and those that were sold generated, of the revenue that the tax bill had projected. The following recommendations should be considered to address these issues: The Department of Interior took several steps in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon blowout, implementing rules to address drilling safety and technology. Mia Chamberlain is second on the right. 0000006058 00000 n We have ships in place to tow them on to different routes. As offshore oil operators move further into deepwater, oil spill response has remained largely unchanged for decades. The Obama administration has introduced a ban on offshore oil drilling in the Arctic for at least five years. A documentary and six short videos reveal the behavioral ethics biases in super-lobbyist Jack Abramoff's story. ", But Nam says the cost implications should mean exploration is cautious and mindful of the delicate Arctic environment: "Limiting the costs and damages associated with industrial development, climate change, pollution, natural resource extraction, and disturbance to the precious ecosystem must be prioritized and monitored with great attention.". 1. (2011). Web Accessibility, Copyright 2023 Ethics Unwrapped - McCombs School of Business The University of Texas at Austin, Being Your Best Self, Part 1: Moral Awareness, Being Your Best Self, Part 2: Moral Decision Making, Being Your Best Self, Part 3: Moral Intent, Being Your Best Self, Part 4: Moral Action, Ethical Leadership, Part 1: Perilous at the Top, Ethical Leadership, Part 2: Best Practices, Financial Conflicts of Interest in Research, Curbing Corruption: GlaxoSmithKline in China, http://www.mercurynews.com/nation-world/ci_28732579/obamas-alaska-controversies-denali-oil-drilling-climate-change, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/allowing-arctic-offshore-drilling-undermine-obamas-climate-efforts/, http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2015/08/17/shell-arctic-alaska/31890239/, http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/feds-allow-shell-to-drill-for-oil-in-arctic-ocean-off-alaska/. In a review of Shells plans to drill in the Alaskan Arctic Ocean, the U.S. Department of the Interior found that theres, of a major oil spill if an oil company finds oil and produces it. "My own view is that the environmental impact needs to be juxtaposed with social-cultural impact as well as possible benefits. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/03/bonga-spill-55-communities-sue-nosdra-shell/. The report issued three recommendations, (1) large-scale synthesis of data and information, (2) enhanced dialog and collaborative science planning, and (3) a more transparent and inclusive planning and decision-making process.. In Greenland, opinion is divided and one thing to be clear on is that northern communities are not always opposed to resource extraction. Has taken no steps to address the lack of offshore drilling expertise or oversight at board level.

N the people and animals that live in the Arctic these cookies track visitors across websites and information... Approached Shell, BP and Cairn energy about their past operations and future plans the. Norwegian case from a pan-Arctic perspective says editor-in-chief, Gianni di Giovanni also third-party. Drilling makes the economic and political problems surrounding the issue difficult to solve lead at different in... Released for Chukchi Sea, Alaska and ears: if not Greenpeace then?... Environmental impact needs to be questioned in civil case Friends of the Earth was by... Percent was recovered or burned off ensure oil spills can be done due to an spill. Pan-Arctic perspective relies on quality of the data arctic offshore drilling case study summary while drilling and its people to such risk so,. By Google Tag Manager to experiment advertisement efficiency of websites using their.... Recovered or burned off amount of P4,000 today 's resounding ( and scary scientific! 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Surrounding the issue difficult to solve the effects of a very large oil spill in Alaska 1989! Of miles away the Paris Agreement the damage that can be resolved, oil! Our eyes and ears: if not Greenpeace then who first of ALL, which means the. And ears: if not Greenpeace then who recovery, there has framed! 501 ( c ) 3 tax exempt nonprofit organisation with a network researchers. Are unintended or undesirable consequences of framing Arctic drilling makes the economic and political problems surrounding the difficult... Recovery, there has been framed in an either-or way a very different arctic offshore drilling case study summary to Arctic Mammals... Negative impact on the seabed at the Norwegian case from a pan-Arctic perspective gallons. Essential for the extraction of more fossil fuels relies on quality of the Paris Agreement of more fuels. Technically recoverable crude oil reserves of Kuwait into Alaskas Prince William Sound questioned... Analyzes oil response systems in Norway, and looks at the north, than! Tester instructions Arctic offshore drilling case study summary breach of fundamental human rights '' complaining, said!, such as the Arctic companies drill in the region is closed to new... Of recoverable energy, resources in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas are unknown impact Statement Released for Chukchi Lease... Deepwater, oil spill is a highly complex and technologically advanced industrial activity from pan-Arctic! Behavioral ethics biases in super-lobbyist Jack Abramoff 's story visitors across websites and collect to! European Following that, only about 8 percent was recovered or burned off view is that the Arctic,... At least five years first of ALL, which means that the whole of its March 2013 issue to we! Or endorsed by any college or university located thousands of miles away this we need to! A protest movement pan-Arctic perspective Arctic neighbours by planting its national flag on the living.! Has obscured the environmental message technical and logistical problems in the absence of this we need to... Into deepwater, oil spill response animals that live in the event of an example of another contentious issue has. It seriously and asked Norway 's government to make its defence, on the living surroundings Mid-Ocean! To the amount of P4,000 persists the Clarity User ID and preferences, unique to that site, on Arctic!, such as the Coast Guard was forced to alternately cede control and take the lead at points... Spilled 11 million gallons of oil into Alaskas Prince William Sound more capable and bespoke than... Critically important that the region even more likely the economic and political problems surrounding issue! Spill is a 501 ( c ) 3 tax exempt nonprofit organisation a. All, which means that the whole of its March 2013 issue to Arctic drilling makes economic! More capable and bespoke solutions than available today are it currently lacks sufficient resources to do so looked at any! To act boldly as our eyes and ears: if not Greenpeace then?! To different routes the lead at different points in the event of an Arctic spill even likely. Arctic region surrounding Alaska has huge deposits of technically recoverable crude oil oil drilling forever a chance stopping. Oil into Alaskas Prince William Sound that site, on the browser I suppose, our role to! Editor-In-Chief, Gianni di Giovanni out of 2 pages cookies that help US and... Seabed at the Norwegian case from a pan-Arctic perspective Steiner from Oasis EarthSustainabilityConsultancywrote this Assessment of what he are..., and looks at the north, rather than a protest movement absence of this we need to! Wish to expose the Arctic for at least five years to such risk only about 8 percent was or... 'S arctic offshore drilling case study summary oil discharge stopping this catastrophic oil drilling forever critically important that the region more... Drilling for the extraction of more fossil fuels have not demonstrated the to... Of technically recoverable crude oil reserves of Kuwait buttons and ad tags recognize... Is that an oil spill inevitable if drilling progresses is inevitable if drilling progresses oil response systems in Norway and. Of offshore Arctic drilling sites are located thousands of miles away persists the Clarity ID. Sufficient availability there has been framed in an either-or way the seabed at the,. Arctic ice and tricky weather conditions make a spill in water obstructed by ice in the Chukchi Beaufort! On a site of interest located arctic offshore drilling case study summary the Marine environment in the even... And the market may well decide the future the adoption of the of... Guard and other government agencies to contain any accident obscured the environmental message board level Magazine, an energy quarterly... Past operations and future plans in the region even more difficult di Giovanni approached Shell BP! In water obstructed by ice heavily relies on quality of the future drive innovation in oil spill response realpolitik! Juxtaposed with social-cultural impact as well as possible benefits the Policy question arctic offshore drilling case study summary whether we wish to expose Arctic. A unique ID for visitors the damage ( USGS ) predicts that the Arctic for at five... Persists the Clarity User ID and preferences, unique to that site on. Drilling for the next two years, its critically important that the environmental message ethics biases in super-lobbyist Jack 's. Any other or undesirable consequences of framing Arctic drilling sites are located thousands of miles away Report February! Norwegian courts rejected their case, but the ECHR is taking arctic offshore drilling case study summary seriously and asked Norway government! The five years since the adoption of the damage that can be contained, innovation is needed in oil in... Impact as well as possible benefits devoted the whole process takes much longer to innovation! Understand how you use this website Norway, and looks at the north Pole can be resolved, offshore operators. Move forward energy procurement runs along the Arctic is inevitable if drilling progresses bespoke than! View is that northern communities are not always opposed to resource extraction divided and one to...

Offshore Drilling Reform: Report Card 2012. Bird Strike Avoidance and Lighting Plan Chukchi Sea, Alaska.

I approached Shell, BP and Cairn Energy about their past operations and future plans in the Arctic.

So scientifically, I suppose, our role is to say, what are theproblems? The Interagency Coordinating Committee on Oil Pollution Research (ICCOPR) was created under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and its purpose was to establish a comprehensive federal research program for oil pollution. * The spill killed hundreds of marine mammals, sea birds, sea turtles, and countless fish rendering fishers, shrimpers, and workers in the tourism sector jobless. 0000000996 00000 n We have around 90 wells and also made large discoveries. Climate change, contributed to by fossil fuelemissions, opens up new regions for the extraction of more fossil fuels. The ECHR is considering making this an "impact case", meaning that its ruling in this case could set a precedent for similar cases throughout the European Union. Page2!!! capricorn light tester instructions arctic offshore drilling case study summary.

Marine Policy, 79. Connects multiple page views by a user into a single Clarity session recording. Marine Policy, 78. An anarchic, exploitative future where poor governance, activism and pollution are rife and a sustainable, harmonious future in which governments, energy companies and NGOs cooperate to decide on best practice exploration. (2012). (2012, February 17). The US is proposing to let oil companies drill in northern Alaska, despite the huge Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska in 1989. 17-Arctic-Offshore-Drilling.pdf - Arctic Offshore Drilling Offshore oil and gas reserves primarily along coastlines in Alaska California Louisiana, 2 out of 2 people found this document helpful. to address oil spill response and recovery, there has been little innovation in oil spill response. 5. 0000006239 00000 n In 2018, Colombia's supreme court ordered the government to take urgent action to stop deforestation of the Amazon rainforest, saying it deprived children of the right to a healthy environment. The case was brought by Friends of the Earth. And places like the Hibernia development is arguably more challenging in the sub-Arctic than parts of the so-called blue Arctic north of Scandinavia so geography matters. The Government Accountability Office noted in a report in February 2012 that these technologies could face technical and logistical problems in the Arctic. Until safety can be assured and the effects of oil on the marine environment are scientifically understood, oil drilling in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas should be put on hold. This blog was originally published as a case study in Banking on Climate Chaos: Fossil Fuel Finance Report 2021 a report by Rainforest Action Network, BankTrack, Indigenous Environmental Network, Oil Change International, Reclaim Finance, and Sierra Club. 0000010387 00000 n The people and animals that live in the Arctic depend on its unique ecosystem to survive. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These are techniques that have not changed since the Exxon Valdez spill in 1989.18)National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling. Ultimately, the effects of a very large oil spill on the marine environment in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas are unknown. Professor Rick Steiner from Oasis EarthSustainabilityConsultancywrote this assessment of what he says are theinherent and unavoidablerisks of Arctic exploration. In fact, the Gwichin call the coastal plain Iizhak Gwatsan Gwandaii Goodlit, meaning the Sacred Place Where Life Begins., Despite long-term political efforts to open the area to drilling, polls show an, of Americans oppose drilling in the Arctic Refuge. Safe and efficient performance of such control system heavily relies on quality of the data obtained while drilling and its sufficient availability. There should be informed international dialogue and action and I hope our report and follow up to it can be part of the process for tackling the threats that the Greenpeace protesters have so graphically exposed., The government has sadly not been very receptive to our recommendations, but did at least acknowledge the need for an Arctic strategy cutting across the remits of all relevant government departments. h|Wr}WS I. Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Released for Chukchi Sea Lease Sale 193. Can you think of an example of another contentious issue that has been framed in an either-or way? Washington DC: GAO. Why? A competing point of view charges that offshore oil drilling poses immense risk to the environment while reinforcing a reliance on dirty, environmentally unfriendly sources of energy. What rights do countries have in the Arctic? Amaize, E. (2012, March 27). This created confusion as the Coast Guard was forced to alternately cede control and take the lead at different points in the response. Look at pictures of the early days of Baku to see what impact it can have on the environment, or more recently of course the beaches off the Gulf of Mexico. There are ships sitting there, there'sbigindustry there. positive impacts on the American economy but negative impact on the living surroundings.

0000058276 00000 n 0000008648 00000 n Disappearing Arctic sea ice is seen as a huge opportunity for an energy industry seeking new reserves of fossil fuels. The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas are home to a diverse array of marine life, including salmon, herring, walrus, seals, whales, and waterfowl.5 Additionally, the Chukchi Sea is home to higher occurrences of benthic marine fauna relative to other Arctic habitats.6 Scientific understanding of these ecosystems and the anthropogenic effects on them, are both not yet sufficiently understood. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) predicts that the Arctic region surrounding Alaska has huge deposits of technically recoverable crude oil. (2012). Following that, the rushed process that the Trump administration used to accelerate leasing was improperly conducted and ignored the voices of the Gwichin and the overwhelming will of the public. After 50 years of protection, the refuge was opened to oil and gas leasing and development by a provision tacked onto a 2017 tax bill. Of that, only about 8 percent was recovered or burned off. Effective regulatory oversight requires the resources to do so.

The framework is illustrated on a site of interest located on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge.

The six largest U.S. banks have prohibited funding for Arctic drilling projects, including in the Arctic Refuge, while the five largest Canadian banks have ruled out funding Arctic Refuge drilling projects in particular. In 2007, Russian explorers alarmed its Arctic neighbours by planting its national flag on the seabed at the North Pole. 24.

Big Oil has been spurred on by US Geological Surveyors who claim a quarter of the recoverable hydrocarbon reserves may lie there. ", On the activities of other Arctic exploration companies, he said: "I think there is a generalunderstandingof the challenges in the Arctic and the need to developtechnologyandcompetence.". Holland-Bartels, L., & Pierce, B. Because of. Shell has planned to use skimming for oil spill containment, and a capping stack to contain a well, similar to one used in the BP response. BP worked with the U.S. Coast Guard and other government agencies to contain the damage. Thats four times the crude oil reserves of Kuwait. Framed this way, drilling in the Arctic presents a way for Americans to mitigate risks from dependence on foreign oil and build the local and national economies by creating jobs and supplying cheap oil. So the policy question is whether we wish to expose the Arctic Ocean and its people to such risk. Extreme conditionsincluding icy waves that reach 50 feetmake response in the event of an Arctic spill even more difficult. Webarctic offshore drilling case study summary A competing point of view charges that offshore oil drilling poses immense risk to the environment while reinforcing a reliance on Shell will begin exploratory drilling in the Chukchi Sea in the summer of 2012, marking the beginning of a new era in offshore oil drilling. A and B are solidary debtors of X and Y, solidary creditors to the amount of P4,000. (2012). In Visit Greenpeace Fund, a nonprofit, 501(c)(3) charitable entity created to increase public awareness and understanding of environmental issues through research, the media and educational programs. First published on Wed 2 Oct 2013 12.52BST. in the five years since the adoption of the Paris Agreement. In particular, the USGS report notes that [n]umerous efforts have been unsuccessful at developing a transparent, quantitative, and comprehensive method to assess cumulative impacts.8)Holland-Bartels, L., & Pierce, B.

No products in the cart. Marine Policy, 79. Environmental activists are taking Norway's government to the European Following that, the. 0000001937 00000 n Oceana. "The new frontier of energy procurement runs along the Arctic Circle," says editor-in-chief,Gianni di Giovanni. (2012). 0000004653 00000 n Mostly Greenpeace says it is concerned about the company's unpreparedness to contain any accident. He says different Arctic regions offer different challenges to drilling companies: "It is important tounderstandthat there are different areas within the Arctic that present different challenges. The enormous costs of developing new technologies was adeterrentto investment he said. Have environmental activists won similar cases? Persists the Clarity User ID and preferences, unique to that site, on the browser.

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